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#CARD:Kiribati:Background Notes
BACKGROUND NOTES: KIRIBATI
PUBLISHED BY THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS
US DEPARTMENT OF STATE
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JANUARY 1994
Official Name: Republic of Kiribati
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PROFILE
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Geography
Area: 719 sq. km. (266 sq. mi.). Capital: Tarawa. Terrain:
Archipelago of low-lying coral atolls surrounded by extensive reefs.
Climate: Hot and humid, moderated by trade winds.
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People
Nationality: Noun and adjective--Kiribatian(s). Population (July 1992):
74,788; Tarawa (1988): 22,000. Annual growth rate (1992): 2.1%.
Ethnic groups: Predominantly Micronesian, with some Polynesian.
Religions: 48% Roman Catholic, 45% Protestant (Congregational),
some Seventh-day Adventist and Baha'i. Languages: English
(official), Gilbertese. Education (1985): Compulsory through age 11.
Literacy--90%. Health (1990): Infant mortality rate--99/1,000. Life
expectancy--52 yrs. male, 56 yrs. female. Work force: 7,800.
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Government
Type: Republic. Independence: July 12, 1979, from the United
Kingdom; formerly Gilbert Islands. Constitution: July 12, 1979.
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Branches: Executive--president, vice president, cabinet. Legislative--
unicameral house of assembly (Maneaba Ni Maungatabu). Judicial--
court of appeal, high court.
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Administrative divisions: Three units--Gilbert Islands, Line Islands,
Phoenix Islands. Political parties: Gilbertese National Party; Christian
Democratic Party. Suffrage: Universal at 18.
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Flag: Upper half red with a yellow frigate bird flying over a yellow
rising sun; lower half blue with three wavy bands.
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Economy
GNP (1992 est.): $36.8 million. Per capita GNP (1992 est.): $525.
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Natural resources: Fish. Agriculture: 30% of GDP (including fishing);
copra and fish make up 95% of exports; subsistence farming
predominates; food crops--taro, coconuts, bananas, pandanus, papayas,
breadfruit, sweet potatoes, vegetables.
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Industry: fishing, handicrafts.
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Trade (est.): Exports--$6 million: fish 55%, copra 42%. Principal
partners--EC, Marshall Islands, U.S., American Samoa. Imports (1990
est.)--$27 million: foodstuffs, fuel, transportation equipment. Principal
partners--Australia, Japan, New Zealand, United Kingdom, U.S.
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Exchange rate (1992): U.S.$0.70= Aus$1. (###)
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PEOPLE
Kiribatians mostly live in villages with populations between 50 and
3,000 on the outer islands. Most houses are made of materials obtained
from coconut and pandanus trees.
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Due to frequent droughts and the lack of large crops, the islanders have
found it necessary to turn to the sea for livelihood. Most are outrigger
sailors and fishers. Copra plantations serve as a second source of
employment. In recent years, large numbers of Kiribatians have moved
to the more urban island capital of Tarawa.
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To increase the opportunities of the islanders, the government has
placed greater emphasis on education. Primary education is free and
compulsory for the first six years. Mission schools are slowly being
absorbed into the government primary school system. Higher education
is expanding; students may seek technical, teacher, or marine training or
study in other countries (usually in Fiji).
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HISTORY
Kiribatians are Micronesians, but recent archeological evidence indicates
that the islands were originally settled by Austronesians thousands of
years ago. Around the 14th century A.D., the islands were invaded by
Fijians and Tongans. Intermarriage led to a population reasonably
homogeneous in appearance and traditions.
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The first recorded European encounter with Kiribati was by the Spanish
explorer Quiros in 1606. By the 1820s, all of the islands had been
charted. At that time, the Russian hydrographer A.I. Krusenstern gave
the group the name Gilbert Islands. Until about 1870, many British and
American whaling vessels sought sperm whales in Gilbertese waters.
Starting in 1850, trading vessels passed through, seeking first coconut
oil and then copra. In the 1860s, "black- birders" (slave ships) carried
off islanders to work on plantations in Peru and, later, in Fiji, Tahiti,
Hawaii, and Australia. Not only did this practice reduce the number of
men on the islands, it also introduced European diseases, such as
measles, against which the islanders had little resistance. With the
people's consent, the Ellice groups (now Tuvalu) and the Gilbert
Islands became a British protectorate in 1892, in the hope of eradicating
slave raids and incessant tribal warfare.
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In 1900, phosphate was discovered on Ocean Island. A surge of British
interest in the area resulted, and more islands were placed under the
British protectorate. Phosphate was the predominant source of income
for Kiribati until 1979, when deposits were exhausted.
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Japan seized the islands in 1941. On November 21, 1943, American
forces launched their first penetration of Japan's ring of island defenses
by attacking the Tarawa islet of Betio. Tarawa Atoll was the setting for
one of the bloodiest battles in the Pacific and was a major turning point
in the war for the Allies.
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One of the most important post-war moves in the main islands was the
strengthening of the cooperatives. New rules made it unprofitable for
overseas trading firms to reestablish themselves. Kiribatians gained a
stronger voice in the affairs of the colony during the 1950s and 1960s,
when an advisory council and, later, a house of representatives with
powers of recommendation were created. In 1974, the colony moved
forward to a ministerial form of government. In 1975, the Ellice Islands
seceded from the colony and became the independent nation of Tuvalu.
On July 12, 1979, Kiribati obtained its own independence from the
United Kingdom and became a republic within the Commonwealth.
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GOVERNMENT
Kiribati's constitution, promulgated July 12, 1979, provides for free
and open elections. The executive branch consists of a president, a vice
president, and a cabinet. Under the constitution, the president,
nominated from among the elected members of the House of Assembly,
is limited to three four-year terms. The president does not represent a
political party. The cabinet is composed of the president, vice president,
and no more than eight members of the House of Assembly (appointed
by the president).
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The legislative branch is the unicameral House of Assembly (Maneaba
Ni Maungatabu). The legislature consists of 35 elected members,
including a representative of the Banaban (Ocean Islanders) people and
the attorney-general as an ex-officio member.
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The constitutional provisions governing the administration of justice are
similar to those in other former British possessions in that the judiciary
is free from governmental interference. The judicial branch is made up
of the high court and the court of appeal. The presiding judges are
appointed by the president.
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Local government is through island councils with elected members.
Local affairs are handled in a manner similar to town meetings in
colonial America. Island councils make their own estimates of revenue
and expenditure and are generally free of central government controls.
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Principal Government Officials
President and Minister of Foreign Affairs--Hon. Teatao Teannaki
V.P./Minister of Finance and Economic Planning--Taomati T. Iuta
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POLITICAL CONDITIONS
Traditionally, Kiribati had no formally organized parties. Instead, ad
hoc opposition groups tended to coalesce around specific issues.
Today, the only recognizable parties are the Gilbertese National Party
and the Christian Democratic Party. There is universal suffrage at 18.
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A major source of conflict has been the protracted bid by the residents of
Banaban Island to secede and have their island placed under the
protection of Fiji. The government's attempts to placate the Banabans
include specific provisions in the constitution, such as giving them a
seat in the house of assembly and returning to them land on Banaban
acquired by the government for phosphate mining.
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ECONOMY
Kiribati's economy is very small and has fluctuated widely in recent
years. The country has few natural resources. Phosphate deposits had
already been exhausted by the time of independence in 1979. Most
people are engaged in subsistence agriculture but are not self-sufficient
in food. In the 12 years since independence, the government has
focused on private sector involvement in development, extensive use of
joint ventures, and a stable partnership with business.
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The islands' isolation and meager resources, including poor soil and
limited arable land, severely limit prospects for economic development.
Moreover, development efforts are hampered by transportation
difficulties, overcrowding on Tarawa and shortages of trained workers
and management.
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Copra and fish now represent the bulk of production and exports
(95%). Real GDP declined about 8% in 1987, as the fish catch fell by
75% from 1986 levels, and copra production was hampered by repeated
rains. Output rebounded strongly in 1988, with real GDP growing by
17%. The upturn in economic growth came from an increase in copra
production and a good fish catch. Following the strong surge in output
in 1988, GDP increased 1% in 1989 and 1990.
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Efforts are being made to diversify the economy, primarily through
fisheries projects and tourism. The creation of the 200-mile economic
and fisheries zone has given islanders hopes of developing their marine
resources to a point where fish could be the country's main source of
revenue through export earnings and licensing fees paid by fishing
nations like Japan and the United States. A regional survey of fish
resources by the South Pacific Commission has revealed large stocks of
tuna in Kiribatian waters.
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FOREIGN RELATIONS
Kiribati maintains cordial relations with most countries and has close
relations with its Pacific neighbors, the United Kingdom, and Japan; the
latter two provide the majority of the country's foreign aid. Taiwan and
Japan also have specified-period licenses to fish in Kiribati's waters.
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U.S.-KIRIBATI RELATIONS
In September 1979, a treaty of friendship was signed between the
Republic of Kiribati and the United States. In 1983 the U.S. Senate
approved recognition of Kiribati's sovereignty over the Line and
Phoenix island groups.
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The United States has no consular or diplomatic offices in Kiribati.
Officers of the American embassy in Suva, Fiji, are concurrently
accredited to Kiribati and make periodic visits.
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There is little trade between the United States and Kiribati. The U.S.
Agency for International Development administers a modest regional aid
program that benefits Kiribati. Peace Corps volunteers teach and
provide technical assistance throughout Kiribati.
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Principal U.S. Officials
Charge d' affairs--Michael W. Marine
Public Affairs Officer--Charla Hatton
Military Attache--Lt. Col. Kip Naugle (USMC)
Consul--Linda Brown
Peace Corps Co-Directors--David and Paulette Hassel
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The Peace Corps co-directors are resident in Kiribati, but all other
officials are in Suva, Fiji. The U.S. embassy at Suva, Fiji, is located at
31 Loftus Street (P.O. Box 218), Suva (tel. 314-466). (###)
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Travel Notes
Customs: A passport and visa are required for entry and exit. In
addition, travelers must have a ticket to leave with confirmed onward
reservations and necessary documentation to depart to a third country.
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Climate and clothing: Temperatures remain constant at 80OF. Modest
light-weight casual clothing, preferably cotton, is recommended.
During the winter months, westerly gales bring rain and sticky
discomfort.
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Health: Drink only bottled or boiled water. Cholera and yellow-fever
inoculations are required.
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Published by the United States Department of State Bureau of Public
Affairs Office of Public Communication Washington, DC Managing
Editor: Peter Knecht.
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Department of State Publication 10104. January 1994 Background
Notes Series
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Contents of this publication are not copyrighted unless indicated. If not
copyrighted, the material may be reproduced without consent; citation of
the publication as the source is appreciated. Permission to reproduce
any copyrighted material (including photos and graphics) must be
obtained from the original source.
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For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.. (###)
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#ENDCARD